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Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin which is known to occur in numerous taxa, including newts. The origin of TTX is unknown, but production by symbiotic bacteria is suspected for some groups. Using PCR primers that specifically amplify 16S rRNA genes of bacteria, we examined tissues from rough-skin newts, Taricha granulosa, for the presence of bacteria which may produce TTX. No amplification...
BjI, a protein isolated from Bothrops jararaca snake blood, inhibits the coagulant activity of thrombin. This protein presents two bands of 109 and 138 kDa by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions. In order to verify the presence of BjI-like proteins in plasma of other animals (reptiles and non-reptiles), we raised a specific polyclonal antibody in mice to it, and we verified immunological cross-reaction...
A new cytolytic toxin, actinoporin RTX-S II, was isolated from the sea anemone Radianthus macrodactylus with a high degree of purity by a combination of gel filtration, ion-exchange and reverse-phase chromatography. RTX-S II has molecular mass of 19,280Da and isoelectric point of 10.0. The hemolytic activity of RTX-S II is inhibited by sphingomyelin. RTX-S II had an LD 50 of 70 mg/kg,...
The 1,3-enone isomer (1) of heptanor-41-oxoyessotoxin (2) was isolated from extracts of Protoceratium reticulatum during large-scale production of yessotoxin (4). We found that 2 readily isomerizes to 1 in the presence of dilute ammonia and present evidence for the existence of 40-epi-2 (3) that also isomerizes to 1. 1–3 were detected by LC–MS methods both in extracts of P. reticulatum cultures and...
A hemorrhagic proteinase, jerdohagin, was purified from Trimeresurus jerdonii venom by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatographies. It was a single chain polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 96 kDa as estimated by SDS-PAGE under the non-reducing and reducing conditions. Internal peptide sequencing indicated that it consisted of metalloproteinase, disintegrin-like and cysteine-rich...
Cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs) are primarily found in the epididymis of mammals and are expressed in diverse organisms. However, the functions of most CRISPs remain unknown. Recent studies reveal that CRISPs are widely distributed in snake venoms and that they inhibit smooth muscle contraction and cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels. In this review, we discuss recent findings on several...
Two basic myotoxic PLA 2 s, namely BnpTX-I and II, were isolated from Bothrops neuwiedi pauloensis snake venom through three chromatographic steps: ion-exchange chromatography on CM-Sepharose, gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 and reverse phase HPLC on a C18 column. Both PLA 2 s showed a M r around 14,000 for the monomer and 28,000 for the dimer (as estimated by SDS-PAGE), pI~7...
Thirteen complete and three partial cDNA sequences were cloned from the constructed king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) venom gland cDNA library. Phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences of king cobra with those from other snake venoms revealed that obtained cDNAs are highly homologous to snake venom α-neurotoxins. Alignment of deduced mature peptide sequences of the obtained clones with those of...
The presence of YTX was confirmed in Protoceratium reticulatum cultures and detected for the first time in Lingulodinium polyedrum cultures, mainly in the cells but also, to a lesser extent, dissolved in the culture medium. The production of yessotoxins (YTXs) by cultures of different strains of P. reticulatum and L. polyedrum was studied with liquid chromatography coupled to fluorometric detection...
The venoms of some Bothrops species produce neuromuscular blockade in avian and mammalian nerve-muscle preparations in vitro. In this study, we compared the neuromuscular activities (myotoxicity and neurotoxicity) of venoms from several Brazilian species of Bothrops (B. jararaca, B. jararacussu, B. moojeni, B. erythromelas and B. neuwiedi) in chick isolated biventer cervicis muscle preparations and...
The possibility of raising a humoral immune response capable of inducing in vivo protection against the lethal effects of Tityus serrulatus (Ts) scorpion venom was evaluated in the mouse model. An immunogen was prepared that consists of a toxic fraction (TstFG 50 ) of the Tityus venom (this G 50 chromatography fraction represents most of the toxicity of the crude venom) conjugated...
The venom of Loxosceles intermedia was investigated for the presence of insecticidal toxins active against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepdoptera: Noctuidade), an insect that has caused great reductions in corn production in Brazil. A combination of gel filtration (Sephadex G-100) and ion-exchange chromatography (Carboxymethyl Cellulose, CM 52) resulted in four major fractions that were submitted to biological...
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